Image forming apparatus and control method

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides an image forming apparatus comprising an image forming unit configured to form an image on an image carrier, a transfer unit configured to transfer the image formed on the image carrier onto a transfer medium, a voltage applying unit configured to apply a voltage to the transfer unit, a current detection unit configured to detect a current that flows through the transfer unit when the voltage applying unit applies the voltage, and a control unit configured to control the voltage applying unit based on a detection result of the current detection unit.

This is a continuation of and claims priority from U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 12/185,936 filed Aug.5, 2008, the content of whichis incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to an image forming apparatus using anelectrophotographic method, and a control method. The present inventionis suitable for an image forming apparatus such as a copying machine,printer, facsimile apparatus, and the like.

2. Description of the Related Art

Along with prevalence of image forming apparatuses such as laserprinters and the like, such image forming apparatuses are increasinglyrequired to attain higher image quality and to reduce cost. An imageforming apparatus includes a primary charger for uniformly charging aphotosensitive member, a primary transfer unit for transferring a tonerimage formed on the photosensitive member onto an intermediate transferbelt, and a secondary transfer unit for transferring the toner image onthe intermediate transfer belt on a print sheet.

As components of the primary and secondary transfer units, in recentyears, a transfer member of a contact transfer type (contact transfermember) represented by a transfer roller becomes mainstream. The contacttransfer member can realize a size reduction of a power supply capacityand a reduction of the generation amount of discharge products (ozoneand the like) compared to a corona charger of a non-contact type and thelike. The transfer roller includes, for example, a shaft, and an elasticlayer of a middle resistance, which is formed around the shaft, and isbrought into pressure contact with the intermediate transfer belt orprint sheet at a predetermined pressure to form a transfer part(transfer nip). While a toner image is passing through the transfer part(i.e., during an interval from when the toner image reaches the transferpart until it leaves there), a transfer bias applying unit applies apredetermined transfer bias (transfer voltage) to the shaft of thetransfer roller. Note that since the characteristic of the transferroller changes due to an environmental change, temporal change, and thelike, the transfer bias to be applied to the transfer roller (shaft)needs to be appropriately controlled in accordance with thecharacteristic of the transfer roller.

Hence, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 11-95581 has proposed an imageforming apparatus which controls a transfer bias to be applied to thetransfer roller in accordance with the characteristic of the transferroller. Such image forming apparatus controls to set a current whichflows through the transfer roller to assume a predetermined value at atiming at which a non-image-forming area is located on the transfer part(constant current control), and also controls the transfer bias on animage-forming area based on a voltage applied at this time (constantvoltage control). Note that this non-image-forming area includes areas,on which no image is formed, on the front side of the leading edge of animage for one page and on the rear side of the trailing edge of thatimage on the photosensitive member or intermediate transfer belt. Also,another image forming apparatus has been proposed. In this apparatus,impedances of the transfer roller are computed by applying a pluralityof different voltages while one non-image-forming area is located on thetransfer part, a voltage, at which a current that flows through thetransfer roller assumes a predetermined value, is computed, and thatvoltage is used as the transfer bias for an image-forming area.

On the other hand, as the primary charger, a charging member of acontact charging type represented by a charging roller becomesmainstream. The charging roller is brought into contact with the surfaceof the photosensitive member to apply a charging bias (e.g., a chargingvoltage generated by superposing an AC voltage on a DC voltage), therebycharging the surface of the photosensitive member. In this case, bysetting the AC voltage to be equal to or higher than a discharge startvoltage, an effect of uniforming charges on the photosensitive member isprovided, thus uniformly charging the photosensitive member.

However, when a DC voltage and AC voltages are superposed and applied tothe photosensitive member, since the discharging amount to thephotosensitive member increases compared to a case in which only a DCvoltage is applied to the photosensitive member, degradation (scraping,etc.) of the photosensitive member is promoted, and an image blur or thelike due to discharge products occurs in a high-temperature,high-humidity environment. Therefore, an AC voltage to be superposed ona DC voltage needs to be minimized to suppress discharging. However, therelationship between the voltage to be applied to the charging rollerand the discharging amount is not always constant, and the dischargingamount changes due to an environmental change, temporal change of thephotosensitive member, and the like.

To solve this problem, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2001-201920 hasproposed an image forming apparatus which suppresses anincrease/decrease in discharging amount due to an environmental change,temporal change, and the like by controlling a charging bias to beapplied to the charging roller. This image forming apparatus computesthe impedances of the charging roller and discharging amounts byapplying a plurality of different AC voltages for a non-discharging areaand discharging area prior to image formation. During image formation,the apparatus applies an AC voltage of one value of the non-dischargingarea on a non-image-forming area, and determines a charging bias basedon a current that flows through the charging roller at that time, andthe impedances of the charging roller and discharging amounts computedbefore image formation.

However, an image forming apparatus disclosed in Japanese PatentLaid-Open No. 11-95581 executes constant current control of a circuitthat generates a transfer bias while a non-image-forming area is locatedon a transfer part, and executes constant voltage control while animage-forming area is located on the transfer part. For this reason,this apparatus must include both a constant current control circuit andconstant voltage control circuit. Therefore, the cost of the imageforming apparatus increases.

As described above, upon computing the impedance of the transfer roller,since one non-image-forming area is located on the transfer part for avery short period of time, a transfer bias applying circuit that canchange voltage values to be applied to the transfer roller at high speedis required. Therefore, the image forming apparatus needs to equip ahigh-voltage power supply with quick response, resulting in an increasein cost of the image forming apparatus.

On the other hand, since the image forming apparatus disclosed inJapanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2001-201920 determines a voltage to beapplied on the image-forming area based on the impedance of the chargingroller and discharging amount, which are predicted by applying the ACvoltage of only one value on the non-image-forming area, it is verydifficult to control the charging bias with high precision.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides an image forming apparatus which cancontrol biases (voltages) to be applied to a transfer roller andcharging roller with high precision without increasing the cost.

According to the first aspect of the present invention, there isprovided an image forming apparatus comprises an image forming unitconfigured to form an image on an image carrier, a transfer unitconfigured to transfer the image formed on the image carrier onto atransfer medium, a voltage applying unit configured to apply a voltageto the transfer unit, a current detection unit configured to detect acurrent that flows through the transfer unit when the voltage applyingunit applies the voltage, and a control unit configured to control thevoltage applying unit based on a detection result of the currentdetection unit, wherein when a plurality of images are to be formedcontinuously, the control unit controls the voltage applying unit toapply a voltage of a first value to the transfer unit during a firstperiod in which a first non-image-forming area where no image is formedis located on the transfer unit, and controls the voltage applying unitto apply a voltage of a second value to the transfer unit during asecond period in which a second non-image-forming area is located on thetransfer unit, and an image-forming area is existed between the firstnon-image-forming area and the second non-image-forming area, andwherein the control unit determines a voltage value of a voltage to beapplied from the voltage applying unit to the transfer unit on theimage-forming area where an image is formed is located on the transferunit, based on the voltage of the first value, the voltage of the secondvalue, and the detection results of the current detection unit duringthe first period and the second period.

According to the second aspect of the present invention, there isprovided an image forming apparatus comprises a photosensitive member, acharger configured to charge the photosensitive member, a voltageapplying unit configured to apply a voltage to the charger, a currentdetection unit configured to detect a current that flows through thecharger upon application of the voltage by the voltage applying unit,and a control unit configured to control the voltage applying unit basedon a detection result of the current detection unit, wherein when aplurality of images are to be formed continuously, the control unitcontrols the voltage applying unit to apply a voltage of a first valuethat does not cause discharging by the charger during a first period inwhich a first non-image-forming area is located on a charging part wherethe photosensitive member is charged by the charger, to apply a voltageof a second value that does not cause discharging during a second periodin which a second non-image-forming area is located on the chargingpart, to apply a voltage of a third value that causes discharging duringa third period in which a third non-image-forming area is located on thecharging part, and to apply a voltage of a fourth value that causesdischarging during a fourth period in which a fourth non-image-formingarea is located on the charging part, and image-forming areas areexisted between the neighboring first to fourth non-image-forming areas,and wherein the control unit determines a voltage value to be appliedfrom the voltage applying unit to the charger during a period in whichthe image-forming area where an image is formed is located on thecharging part, based on the voltages of the first to fourth values, andthe detection results of the current detection unit during the first tofourth periods.

According to the third aspect of the present invention, there isprovided a method of controlling an image forming apparatus, whichcomprises an image forming unit which forms an image on an imagecarrier, a transfer unit which transfers the image formed on the imagecarrier onto a transfer medium, a voltage applying unit which applies avoltage to the transfer unit, and a current detection unit which detectsa current that flows through the transfer unit when the voltage applyingunit applies the voltage, the method comprises a first voltage applyingstep of controlling the voltage applying unit to apply a voltage of afirst value to the transfer unit during a first period in which a firstnon-image-forming area where no image is formed is located on thetransfer unit, a second voltage applying step of controlling the voltageapplying unit to apply a voltage of a second value to the transfer unitduring a second period in which a second non-image-forming area islocated on the transfer unit, and a determination step of determining avoltage value of a voltage to be applied from the voltage applying unitto the transfer unit on an image-forming area where an image is formedis located on the transfer unit, based on the voltage of the firstvalue, the voltage of the second value, and the detection results of thecurrent detection unit during the first period and the second period,wherein the image-forming area exists between the firstnon-image-forming area and the second non-image-forming area.

According to the fourth aspect of the present invention, there isprovided a method of controlling an image forming apparatus, whichcomprises a photosensitive member, a charger which charges thephotosensitive member, a voltage applying unit which applies a voltageto the charger, and a current detection unit which detect a current thatflows through the charger upon application of the voltage by the voltageapplying unit, the method comprises a first voltage applying step ofcontrolling the voltage applying unit to apply a voltage of a firstvalue that does not cause discharging by the charger during a firstperiod in which a first non-image-forming area is located on a chargingpart where the photosensitive member is charged by the charger, a secondvoltage applying step of controlling the voltage applying unit to applya voltage of a second value that does not cause discharging during asecond period in which a second non-image-forming area is located on thecharging part, a third voltage applying step of controlling the voltageapplying unit to apply a voltage of a third value that causesdischarging during a third period in which a third non-image-formingarea is located on the charging part, a fourth voltage applying step ofcontrolling the voltage applying unit to apply a voltage of a fourthvalue that causes discharging during a fourth period in which a fourthnon-image-forming area is located on the charging part; and adetermination step of determining a voltage value to be applied from thevoltage applying unit to the charger during a period in which animage-forming area where an image is formed is located on the chargingpart, based on the voltages of the first to fourth values, and thedetection results of the current detection unit during the first tofourth periods, wherein a first image-forming area exists between thefirst non-image-forming area and the second non-image-forming area, asecond image-forming area exists between the second non-image-formingarea and the third non-image-forming area, and a third image-formingarea exists between the third non-image-forming area and the fourthnon-image-forming area.

Further features of the present invention will become apparent from thefollowing description of exemplary embodiments with reference to theattached drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic sectional view showing the arrangement of an imageforming apparatus.

FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram showing the arrangement of a primarytransfer bias applying mechanism.

FIG. 3 is a chart showing a primary transfer voltage and primarytransfer current.

FIG. 4 is a graph showing the relationship between a voltage (voltagevalue) to be applied to a primary transfer roller and a current (currentvalue) that flows through the primary transfer roller.

FIG. 5 is a schematic block diagram showing the arrangement of asecondary transfer bias applying mechanism.

FIG. 6 is a chart showing a secondary transfer voltage and secondarytransfer current.

FIG. 7 is a graph showing the relationship between a voltage (voltagevalue) to be applied to a secondary transfer outer roller and a current(current value) that flows through the secondary transfer outer roller.

FIG. 8 is a schematic block diagram showing the arrangement of a primarycharging bias applying mechanism.

FIG. 9 is a chart showing a primary charging voltage and primarycharging current.

FIG. 10 is a graph showing the relationship between a voltage (voltagevalue) to be applied to a primary charging roller and a current (currentvalue) that flows through the primary charging roller.

FIG. 11 is a flowchart showing control for determining a primarytransfer bias.

FIG. 12 is a flowchart showing control for determining a secondarytransfer bias.

FIG. 13 is a flowchart showing control for determining a primarycharging bias.

DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

Preferred embodiments of the present invention will be describedhereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings. Note that thesame reference numerals denote the same components throughout thedrawings, and a repetitive description thereof will be avoided.

FIG. 1 is a schematic sectional view showing the arrangement of an imageforming apparatus 1 as one aspect of the present invention. The imageforming apparatus 1 forms an image (color image) on a print medium PMusing an electrophotographic method. The image forming apparatus 1 isembodied as a color laser printer, which superposes and transfers tonerimages of respective colors, that is, yellow, magenta, cyan, and blackonto the print medium PM, and heats and presses the print medium PM tofix the toner images on the print medium PM.

As shown in FIG. 1, the image forming apparatus 1 includes a laser unit10, image forming unit 20, conveying unit 30, paper cassette 40, andexhaust tray 50. The image forming apparatus 1 further includes aprimary transfer bias applying mechanism 60 shown in FIG. 2, a secondarytransfer bias applying mechanism 70 shown in FIG. 5, and a primarycharging bias applying mechanism 80 shown in FIG. 8.

The laser unit 10 generates a laser beam which is modulated based on animage signal input from an image signal generation apparatus such as animage reading apparatus, computer, or the like, and exposes aphotosensitive drum 21 of the image forming unit 20 with that laserbeam. The laser unit 10 controls the exposure amount on thephotosensitive drum 21 by ON/OFF control and PWM control, therebyforming an electrostatic latent image on the surface of thephotosensitive drum 21. In this embodiment, the laser unit 10 includesfour laser units 10 y, 10 m, 10 c, and 10 bk in correspondence with thecolors, that is, yellow, magenta, cyan, and black.

The image forming unit 20 forms a visible image by developing eachelectrostatic latent image formed by the laser unit 10 with toner, andsuperposes and transfers such visible images, thus forming a colorvisible image. Furthermore, the image forming unit 20 transfers thecolor visible image on a print medium (sheet) PM on a transfer part, andfixes the color visible image transferred onto the print medium PM,thereby forming an image on the print medium PM.

The image forming unit 20 includes the photosensitive drum 21, a primarycharging roller 22, developing sleeve 23, primary transfer roller 24,intermediate transfer belt 25, secondary transfer inner roller 26,secondary transfer outer roller 27, and fixing unit 28. Note that, inthis embodiment, the photosensitive drum 21 includes four photosensitivedrums 21 y, 21 m, 21 c, and 21 bk in correspondence with the colors,that is, yellow, magenta, cyan, and black. Likewise, in this embodiment,the primary charging roller 22 includes four primary charging rollers 22y, 22 m, 22 c, and 22 bk in correspondence with the colors, that is,yellow, magenta, cyan, and black. Likewise, in this embodiment, thedeveloping sleeve 23 includes four developing sleeves 23 y, 23 m, 23 c,and 23 bk in correspondence with the colors, that is, yellow, magenta,cyan, and black. Likewise, in this embodiment, the primary transferroller 24 includes four primary transfer rollers 24 y, 24 m, 24 c, and24 bk in correspondence with the colors, that is, yellow, magenta, cyan,and black. Since the photosensitive drum 21, primary charging roller 22,developing sleeve 23, and primary transfer roller 24 have the samearrangements for respective colors, the photosensitive drum 21 y,primary charging roller 22 y, developing sleeve 23 y, and primarytransfer roller 24 y corresponding to yellow will be exemplified below.

The photosensitive drum 21 y carries a yellow electrostatic latentimage, and rotates counterclockwise in this embodiment.

The primary charging roller 22 y applies a high voltage to thephotosensitive drum 21 y to uniformly charge (to a minus potential) thesurface of the photosensitive drum 21 y that has passed the primarycharging roller 22 y. The primary charging roller 22 y is applied with avoltage obtained by superposing a voltage of AC components ranging from1,300 V to 2,000 V (AC voltage) onto a voltage of DC components rangingfrom −300 V to −700 V (DC voltage) via the primary charging biasapplying mechanism 80 (to be described later). As a result, the primarycharging roller 22 y can uniformly charge the surface of thephotosensitive drum 21 y.

The surface of the photosensitive drum 21 y that has passed the primarycharging roller 22 y and was uniformly charged is exposed with a laserbeam radiated from the laser unit 10 y, as described above. The surfaceof the photosensitive drum 21 y exposed with the laser beam isphotosensitized and its impedance (charging amount) lowers.

The developing sleeve 23 y is arranged to have a gap with respect to thephotosensitive drum 21 y. The gap between the photosensitive drum 21 yand developing sleeve 23 y is managed with high precision. Thedeveloping sleeve 23 y is applied with a voltage obtained by superposinga voltage of AC components ranging from −1,000 V to −2,000 V onto avoltage of DC components ranging from −150 V to −500 V. As a result, anelectric field is generated between the photosensitive drum 21 y anddeveloping sleeve 23 y.

Upon application of the voltage to the developing sleeve 23 y, voltagesof DC and AC components are generated as in the charging process of thephotosensitive drum 21 y. In particular, the voltage of the ACcomponents largely influences the image quality in a developing process.

The direction and strength of the electric field generated between thephotosensitive drum 21 y and developing sleeve 23 y is influenced by thecharging amount of the surface of the photosensitive drum 21 y. Forexample, on a surface portion of the photosensitive drum 21 y having alarge negative charging amount (i.e., that portion is not exposed withthe laser beam), an electric field in a direction from the developingsleeve 23 y toward the photosensitive drum 21 y is generated. On theother hand, on a surface portion of the photosensitive drum 21 y havinga small charging amount (i.e., that portion is exposed with the laserbeam), an electric field in a direction from the photosensitive drum 21y to the developing sleeve 23 y is generated.

A minus-charged yellow toner on the developing sleeve 23 y receives aforce in a direction opposite to the direction of the electric fieldgenerated between the photosensitive drum 21 y and developing sleeve 23y. Therefore, depending on the directions and magnitudes of thestrengths of the electric field generated between the photosensitivedrum 21 y and developing sleeve 23 y, the yellow toner becomes attachedto an electrostatic latent image formed on the photosensitive drum 21 y,thus forming a toner image (visible image). In other words, thedeveloping sleeve 23 y develops an electrostatic latent image formed onthe photosensitive drum 21 y. Note that the developing sleeve 23 y maybe replaced by a developing blade.

The primary transfer roller 24 y is arranged on the side opposite to thephotosensitive drum 21 y to sandwich the intermediate transfer belt 25between them. The intermediate transfer belt 25 is arranged in contactwith the surface of the photosensitive drum 21 y.

The primary transfer roller 24 y is applied with a voltage ranging from+150 V to +1,500 V via the primary transfer bias applying mechanism 60(to be described later). As a result, the minus-charged yellow toner isattracted from the photosensitive drum 21 y to the primary transferroller 24 y side, and a yellow toner image formed on the photosensitivedrum 21 y is transferred onto the intermediate transfer belt 25.

Likewise, magenta, cyan, and black toner images are transferred onto theintermediate transfer belt 25. As a result, a full-color toner imageformed by yellow, magenta, cyan, and black toners is formed on theintermediate transfer belt 25.

The secondary transfer inner roller 26 and secondary transfer outerroller 27 are arranged to oppose each other to sandwich the intermediatetransfer belt 25 between them. Therefore, the intermediate transfer belt25 on which the toner image is formed passes a portion between thesecondary transfer inner roller 26 and secondary transfer outer roller27. At this time, the conveying unit 30 conveys a print medium PM to theportion between the intermediate transfer belt 25 and secondary transferouter roller 27. Note that the conveying unit 30 is configured by, forexample, a conveyor belt, conveying rollers, and the like, and conveys aprint medium PM stored in the paper cassette 40 in directions of arrows30 a, 30 b, 30 c, 30 d, 30 e, 30 f, 30 g, 30 h, and 30 i.

The secondary transfer outer roller 27 is applied with a voltage rangingfrom +500 V to +7,000 V via the secondary transfer bias applyingmechanism 70 (to be described later). As a result, a minus-charged tonerimage on the intermediate transfer belt 25 is transferred onto a printmedium PM.

The fixing unit 28 fixes a non-fixed toner image (in a state in which itis easily peeled from the print medium PM) transferred on the printmedium PM onto the print medium PM. The fixing unit 28 includes, forexample, a heat roller which fixes the toner image onto the print mediumPM by applying a heat and pressure to the print medium PM.

The print medium PM on which the toner image is fixed is conveyed by theconveying unit 30, and is exhausted onto the exhaust tray 50. Theexhaust tray 50 stacks print media PM on which images are formed.

Control of biases to be applied to members associated with formation andtransfer of an image (i.e., the primary transfer roller 24, secondarytransfer outer roller 27, and primary charging roller 22) in the imageforming apparatus 1 will be described below.

FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram showing the arrangement of theprimary transfer bias applying mechanism 60 which applies a transferbias to the primary transfer roller 24. The primary transfer biasapplying mechanism 60 includes a voltage applying unit 62 and currentdetection unit 64, as shown in FIG. 2.

The voltage applying unit 62 is controlled by a control unit 90, and hasa function of applying a voltage to the primary transfer roller 24 as amember associated with transfer of an image. The voltage applying unit62 generates a voltage (primary transfer voltage) to be applied to theprimary transfer roller 24 based on a primary transfer bias controlsignal TBC1 input from the control unit 90, and applies that voltage tothe primary transfer roller 24. For example, the voltage applying unit62 generates a high voltage using a high-voltage transformer from, forexample, an output of a 24-V power supply.

The current detection unit 64 detects a current that flows through theprimary transfer roller 24 when the voltage applying unit 62 applies thevoltage. In this embodiment, the current detection unit 64 detects acurrent (primary transfer current) which flows via the primary transferroller 24, intermediate transfer belt 25, photosensitive drum 21, andthe like, and outputs a primary transfer current detection signal TCD1indicating the current value of that current to the control unit 90.

The control unit 90 includes a CPU and memory (neither are shown), andcontrols the operation of the image forming apparatus 1. The controlunit 90 controls the voltage applying unit 62 based on the detectionresult (i.e., the current value of the current that flows through theprimary transfer roller 24) of the current detection unit 64 in theprimary transfer bias applying mechanism 60. In other words, the controlunit 90 generates the primary transfer bias control signal TBC1indicating a voltage value to be applied from the voltage applying unit62 to the primary transfer roller 24, based on the primary transfercurrent detection signal TCD1 input from the current detection unit 64,and outputs the generated signal to the voltage applying unit 62.

The transfer bias control of the primary transfer bias applyingmechanism 60 in the continuous operations (upon forming a plurality ofimages) of the image forming apparatus 1 will be described below withreference to FIGS. 3 and 4.

FIG. 3 is a chart showing the primary transfer voltage and primarytransfer current during periods in each of which an image-forming areais located on a transfer part and periods in each of which anon-image-forming area is located on the transfer part in the continuousoperations of the image forming apparatus 1. In FIG. 3, the transferpart is a part where the primary transfer roller 24 and intermediatetransfer belt 25 contact each other. The image-forming area is an areawhere a toner image can be formed from the leading end to the trailingend of an image for one page on the photosensitive drum 21. Thenon-image-forming area includes areas where no toner image exists beforethe leading end and after the trailing end of an image for one page onthe photosensitive drum 21.

Referring to FIG. 3, during periods in each of which the image-formingarea is located on the transfer part, the control unit 90 controls thevoltage applying unit 62 to apply a voltage with a voltage value Vo′(normal primary transfer voltage) to the primary transfer roller 24.Note that the voltage Vo′ is a primary transfer bias, which isdetermined last.

During periods in which non-image-forming areas a and b are respectivelylocated on the transfer part, the control unit 90 controls the voltageapplying unit 62 to apply a voltage with a voltage value Va to theprimary transfer roller 24. In this case, during the periods in whichnon-image-forming areas a and b are respectively located on the transferpart, the control unit 90 acquires, via the current detection unit 64,values la and lb of currents that flows through the primary transferroller 24 upon application of the voltage of the voltage value Va by thevoltage applying unit 62. Also, the control unit 90 computes an averagecurrent value lab as an average of the current values la and lb.

Furthermore, during periods in which non-image-forming areas c and d arerespectively located on the transfer part, the control unit 90 controlsthe voltage applying unit 62 to apply a voltage with a voltage value Vcto the primary transfer roller 24. In this case, during the periods inwhich non-image-forming areas c and d are respectively located on thetransfer part, the control unit 90 acquires, via the current detectionunit 64, values lc and ld of currents that flow through the primarytransfer roller 24 upon application of the voltage of the voltage valueVc by the voltage applying unit 62. Also, the control unit 90 computesan average current value lcd as an average of the current values lc andld.

FIG. 4 is a graph showing the relationship between a voltage (voltagevalue) V to be applied to the primary transfer roller 24 and a current(current value) l that flows through the primary transfer roller 24. InFIG. 4, the abscissa plots the voltage V to be applied to the primarytransfer roller 24, and the ordinate plots the current l that flowsthrough the primary transfer roller 24. Referring to FIG. 4, the controlunit 90 computes an equation that expresses a line L1 from the averagecurrent values lab and lcd of the currents that flow through the primarytransfer roller 24 when the voltage applying unit 62 applies thevoltages of the voltage values Va and Vc to the primary transfer roller24, in accordance with equation (1) below. In other words, the controlunit 90 computes an impedance characteristic (line L1) of the primarytransfer roller 24 based on the voltage values Va and Vc and the averagecurrent values lab and lcd.V−Va={(Vc−Va)/(lcd−lab)}·(l−lab)  (1)

Next, the control unit 90 computes a voltage value Vo at which a currentthat flows through the primary transfer roller 24 assumes apredetermined current value lo, based on the line L1 indicating theimpedance characteristic of the primary transfer roller 24, anddetermines the voltage value Vo as a primary transfer bias voltage to beapplied from the voltage applying unit 62 to the primary transfer roller24. The control unit 90 controls the voltage applying unit 62 to apply avoltage of the voltage value Vo to the primary transfer roller 24 duringperiods in each of which the image-forming area is located on thetransfer part.

In this manner, the control unit 90 controls the voltage applying unit62 to apply a voltage of a first voltage value (Va) to the primarytransfer roller 24 during periods in which first non-image-forming areas(non-image-forming areas a and b) of a plurality of non-image-formingareas are respectively located on the transfer part. Also, the controlunit 90 controls the voltage applying unit 62 to apply a voltage of asecond voltage value (Vc) to the primary transfer roller 24 duringperiods in which second non-image-forming areas (non-image-forming areasc and d) of the plurality of non-image-forming areas are respectivelylocated on the transfer part. In this case, the control unit 90 acquiresfirst current values (la and lb) of currents that flow through theprimary transfer roller 24 upon applying the voltage of the firstvoltage value, and second current values (lc and ld) of currents thatflow through the primary transfer roller 24 upon applying the voltage ofthe second voltage value. Then, the control unit 90 computes theimpedance characteristic of the primary transfer roller 24 based on anaverage current value (lab) of the first current values, and an averagecurrent value (lcd) of the second current values. After that, thecontrol unit 90 determines a voltage value (Vo) of a voltage to beapplied to the primary transfer roller 24 based on the impedancecharacteristic, so that the current value of a current, that flowsthrough the primary transfer roller 24 in a period in which the nextimage-forming area is located on the transfer part, assumes apredetermined value (lo). Note that during a preparation operation(pre-rotation) required to start an image forming operation, the controlunit 90 detects the values la and lb of currents that flow through theprimary transfer roller 24 while changing a voltage to be applied to theprimary transfer roller 24 to Va and Vb, thereby determining the voltageVo′.

FIG. 11 is a flowchart showing control for determining a primarytransfer bias when the image forming apparatus 1 continuously forms aplurality of images. The control unit 90 executes the processing of thisflowchart.

The control unit 90 checks if a timing at which non-image-forming area ais located on the transfer part is reached (S1001). If the timing atwhich non-image-forming area a is located on the transfer part isreached, the control unit 90 controls the voltage applying unit 62 toapply a voltage of the voltage value Va to the primary transfer roller24 (S1002), and acquires (detects) the current value la of a currentthat flows through the primary transfer roller 24 via the currentdetection unit 64 (S1003). The control unit 90 returns the primarytransfer bias to a voltage Vo′ determined last (i.e., to apply a voltageof the voltage value Vo′) to prepare for the next image-forming areaagain (S1004).

The control unit 90 checks if a timing at which non-image-forming area bis located on the transfer part is reached (S1005). If the timing atwhich non-image-forming area b is located on the transfer part isreached, the control unit 90 controls the voltage applying unit 62 toapply a voltage of the voltage value Va to the primary transfer roller24 (S1006), and acquires (detects) the current value lb of a currentthat flows through the primary transfer roller 24 via the currentdetection unit 64 when the voltage applying unit 62 applies the voltageof the voltage value Va during the period in which non-image-formingarea b is located on the transfer part (S1007). The control unit 90computes the average current value lab as an average of the currentvalues la and lb (S1008). The control unit 90 returns the primarytransfer bias to the voltage Vo′ (i.e., to apply a voltage of thevoltage value Vo′) to prepare for the next image-forming area again(S1009).

The control unit 90 checks if a timing at which non-image-forming area cis located on the transfer part is reached (S1010). If the timing atwhich non-image-forming area c is located on the transfer part isreached, the control unit 90 controls the voltage applying unit 62 toapply a voltage of the voltage value Vc to the primary transfer roller24 (S1011), and acquires (detects) the current value lc of a currentthat flows through the primary transfer roller 24 via the currentdetection unit 64 (S1012). The control unit 90 returns the primarytransfer bias to the voltage Vo′ (i.e., to apply a voltage of thevoltage value Vo′) to prepare for the next image-forming area again(S1013).

The control unit 90 checks if a timing at which non-image-forming area dis located on the transfer part is reached (S1014). If the timing atwhich non-image-forming area d is located on the transfer part isreached, the control unit 90 controls the voltage applying unit 62 toapply a voltage of the voltage value Vc to the primary transfer roller24 (S1015), and acquires (detects) the current value ld of a currentthat flows through the primary transfer roller 24 via the currentdetection unit 64 (S1016). The control unit 90 computes the averagecurrent value lcd as an average of the current values lc and ld (S1017).The control unit 90 returns the primary transfer bias to the voltage Vo′(i.e., to apply a voltage of the voltage value Vo′) to prepare for thenext image-forming area again (S1018).

After that, the control unit 90 computes the impedance characteristic L1of the primary transfer roller 24, as described above (S1019), anddetermines (computes) the voltage Vo at which the current lo is obtained(S1020). The control unit 90 checks if a timing at whichnon-image-forming area d′ is located on the transfer part is reached(S1021). If the timing at which non-image-forming area d′ is located onthe transfer part is reached, the control unit 90 controls the voltageapplying unit 62 to apply a voltage of the voltage value Vo to theprimary transfer roller 24 after an elapse of a predetermined period oftime (S1022). That is, the control unit 90 sets the voltage Vo as thevalue of a new primary transfer bias.

If the control unit 90 can determine the voltage Vo after the averagecurrent value lcd is computed in S1017 and before the next image-formingarea is located on the transfer part, it may change the primary transferbias to the voltage Vo without waiting for non-image-forming area d′.

Since the impedance characteristic of the primary transfer roller 24never abruptly changes, the impedance of the primary transfer roller 24can be computed from the current value acquired during a period in whicheach of a plurality of non-image-forming areas is located on thetransfer part. Hence, in this embodiment, in place of applying aplurality of different voltages to the primary transfer roller 24 duringa period in which one non-image-forming area is located on the transferpart, different voltages are applied to the primary transfer roller 24during periods in which the plurality of non-image-forming-areas arerespectively located on the transfer part. In other words, the impedancecharacteristic of the primary transfer roller 24 is computed bycombining current values obtained when different voltages are applied tothe primary transfer roller 24 during periods in which the plurality ofnon-image-forming areas are respectively located on the transfer part.In this way, the image forming apparatus 1 requires neither a constantcurrent control circuit nor a transfer bias applying circuit that canquickly change voltage values in the primary transfer bias applyingmechanism 60, thus preventing an increase in cost. Since the impedancecharacteristic of the primary transfer roller 24 is computed from aplurality of current values of currents that flow through the primarytransfer roller 24, a voltage to be applied to the primary transferroller 24 can be controlled with higher precision than the case in whichthe impedance characteristic is computed from one current value. When aperiod in which one non-image-forming area is located on the transferpart is equal to or longer than a duration that allows changing avoltage to be applied to the primary transfer roller 24 a plurality oftimes, the impedance characteristic of the primary transfer roller 24can be computed during only the period in which one non-image-formingarea is located on the transfer part.

Note that the transfer bias control in the primary transfer biasapplying mechanism 60 is preferably executed at a predetermined timeinterval (e.g., every 5 minutes) or for the predetermined number ofoutput print media PM (e.g., 200 sheets). The transfer bias control inthe primary transfer bias applying mechanism 60 is preferably executedat a timing different from those of density correction control and otherkinds of correction control.

The secondary transfer bias applying mechanism 70 for applying atransfer bias to the secondary transfer outer roller 27 will bedescribed below. FIG. 5 is a schematic block diagram showing thearrangement of the secondary transfer bias applying mechanism 70. Thesecondary transfer bias applying mechanism 70 includes a voltageapplying unit 72 and current detection unit 74, as shown in FIG. 5.

The voltage applying unit 72 is controlled by the control unit 90, andhas a function of applying a voltage to the secondary transfer outerroller 27 as a member associated with transfer of an image. The voltageapplying unit 72 generates a voltage (secondary transfer voltage) to beapplied to the secondary transfer outer roller 27 based on a secondarytransfer bias control signal TBC2 input from the control unit 90, andapplies the generated voltage to the secondary transfer outer roller 27.

The current detection unit 74 detects a current that flows through thesecondary transfer outer roller 27 when the voltage applying unit 72applies the voltage. In this embodiment, the current detection unit 74detects a current (secondary transfer current) that flows via thesecondary transfer outer roller 27, intermediate transfer belt 25,secondary transfer inner roller 26, and the like, and outputs asecondary transfer current detection signal TCD2 indicating the currentvalue of that current to the control unit 90.

The control unit 90 controls the voltage applying unit 72 based on thedetection result (i.e., the value of the current flowing through thesecondary transfer outer roller 27) of the current detection unit 74 inthe secondary transfer bias applying mechanism 70. In other words, thecontrol unit 90 generates the secondary transfer bias control signalTBC2 indicating the voltage value of a voltage to be applied from thevoltage applying unit 72 to the secondary transfer outer roller 27 basedon the secondary transfer current detection signal TCD2 input from thecurrent detection unit 74, and outputs the generated signal to thevoltage applying unit 72.

The transfer bias control of the secondary transfer bias applyingmechanism 70 in continuous operations (upon forming a plurality ofimages) of the image forming apparatus 1 will be described below withreference to FIGS. 6 and 7.

FIG. 6 is a chart showing a secondary transfer voltage and secondarytransfer current at timings at each of which an image-forming area islocated on a transfer part, and those at each of which anon-image-forming area is located on the transfer part in the continuousoperations of the image forming apparatus 1. In FIG. 6, the transferpart is a part where the secondary transfer outer roller 27 andintermediate transfer belt 25 (print medium PM) contact each other. Theimage-forming area is an area where a toner image can exist from theleading end to the trailing end of an image for one page on theintermediate transfer belt 25. The non-image-forming area includes areaswhere no toner image exists before the leading end and after thetrailing end of an image for one page on the intermediate transfer belt25.

Referring to FIG. 6, during periods in each of which the image-formingarea is located on the transfer part, the control unit 90 controls thevoltage applying unit 72 to apply a voltage with a voltage value Vp′,which is determined last (normal secondary transfer voltage), to thesecondary transfer outer roller 27.

During periods in which non-image-forming areas e and f are respectivelylocated on the transfer part, the control unit 90 controls the voltageapplying unit 72 to apply a voltage with a voltage value Ve to thesecondary transfer outer roller 27. In this case, during the periods inwhich non-image-forming areas e and f are respectively located on thetransfer part, the control unit 90 acquires, via the current detectionunit 74, current values le and lf of currents that flow through thesecondary transfer outer roller 27 upon application of the voltage ofthe voltage value Ve by the voltage applying unit 72. Also, the controlunit 90 computes an average current value lef as an average of thecurrent values le and lf.

Furthermore, during periods in which non-image-forming areas g and h arerespectively located on the transfer part, the control unit 90 controlsthe voltage applying unit 72 to apply a voltage with a voltage value Vgto the secondary transfer outer roller 27. In this case, during theperiods in which non-image-forming areas g and h are respectivelylocated on the transfer part, the control unit 90 acquires, via thecurrent detection unit 74, current values lg and lh of currents thatflow through the secondary transfer outer roller 27 upon application ofthe voltage of the voltage value Vg by the voltage applying unit 72.Also, the control unit 90 computes an average current value lgh as anaverage of the current values lg and lh.

FIG. 7 is a graph showing the relationship between a voltage (voltagevalue) V to be applied to the secondary transfer outer roller 27 and acurrent (current value) l that flows through the secondary transferouter roller 27. In FIG. 7, the abscissa plots the voltage V to beapplied to the secondary transfer outer roller 27, and the ordinateplots the current I that flows through the secondary transfer outerroller 27. Referring to FIG. 7, the control unit 90 computes an equationof a line L2 from the average current values lef and lgh that flowthrough the secondary transfer outer roller 27 when the voltage applyingunit 72 applies the voltages of the voltage values Ve and Vg to thesecondary transfer outer roller 27, in accordance with equation (2)below. In other words, the control unit 90 computes an impedancecharacteristic (line L2) of the secondary transfer outer roller 27 basedon the voltage values Ve and Vg and the average current values lef andlgh.V−Ve={(Vg−Ve)/(lgh−lef)}·(l−lef)  (2)

Next, the control unit 90 computes a voltage value Vp at which a currentthat flows through the secondary transfer outer roller 27 assumes apredetermined current value lp, based on the line L2 indicating theimpedance characteristic of the secondary transfer outer roller 27.Also, the control unit 90 determines the voltage value Vp as a voltagevalue to be applied from the voltage applying unit 72 to the secondarytransfer outer roller 27. The control unit 90 controls the voltageapplying unit 72 to apply a voltage of the voltage value Vp to thesecondary transfer outer roller 27 during periods in each of which theimage-forming area is located on the transfer part.

In this manner, the control unit 90 controls the voltage applying unit72 to apply a voltage of a first voltage value (Ve) to the secondarytransfer outer roller 27 during periods in which first non-image-formingareas (non-image-forming areas e and f) of a plurality ofnon-image-forming areas are respectively located on the transfer part.Also, the control unit 90 controls the voltage applying unit 72 to applya voltage of a second voltage value (Vg) to the secondary transfer outerroller 27 during periods in which second non-image-forming areas(non-image-forming areas g and h) of the plurality of non-image-formingareas are respectively located on the transfer part. In this case, thecontrol unit 90 acquires first current values (le and lf) of currentsthat flow through the secondary transfer outer roller 27 upon applyingthe voltage of the first voltage value, and second current values (lgand lh) of currents that flow through the secondary transfer outerroller 27 upon applying the voltage of the second voltage value. Then,the control unit 90 computes the impedance characteristic of thesecondary transfer outer roller 27 based on an average current value(lef) of the first current values, and an average current value (lgh) ofthe second current values. After that, the control unit 90 determines avoltage value (Vp) of a voltage to be applied to the secondary transferouter roller 27 based on the impedance characteristic, so that thecurrent value of a current, that flows through the secondary transferouter roller 27 in a period in which the next image-forming area islocated on the transfer part, assumes a predetermined value (lp). Notethat during a preparation operation (pre-rotation) required to start animage forming operation, the control unit 90 detects the current valuesle and If of currents that flow through the secondary transfer outerroller 27 while changing a voltage to be applied to the secondarytransfer outer roller 27 to Ve and Vg, thereby determining the voltageVp′.

FIG. 12 is a flowchart showing control for determining a secondarytransfer bias when the image forming apparatus 1 continuously forms aplurality of images. The control unit 90 executes the processing of thisflowchart.

The control unit 90 checks if a timing at which non-image-forming area eis located on the transfer part is reached (S2001). If the timing atwhich non-image-forming area e is located on the transfer part isreached, the control unit 90 controls the voltage applying unit 72 toapply a voltage of the voltage value Ve to the secondary transfer outerroller 27 (S2002), and acquires (detects) the current value le of acurrent that flows through the secondary transfer outer roller 27 viathe current detection unit 74 (S2003). The control unit 90 returns thesecondary transfer bias to Vp′ (i.e., to apply a voltage of the voltagevalue Vp′) to prepare for the next image-forming area again (S2004).

The control unit 90 checks if a timing at which non-image-forming area fis located on the transfer part is reached (S2005). If the timing atwhich non-image-forming area f is located on the transfer part isreached, the control unit 90 controls the voltage applying unit 72 toapply a voltage of the voltage value Ve to the secondary transfer outerroller 27 (S2006), and acquires (detects) the current value lf of acurrent that flows through the secondary transfer outer roller 27 viathe current detection unit 74 (S2007). The control unit 90 computes theaverage current value lef as an average of the current values le and lf(S2008). The control unit 90 controls the voltage applying unit 72 toapply a voltage of the voltage value Vp′ to the secondary transfer outerroller 27 to prepare for the next image-forming area again (S2009). Thatis, the control unit 90 returns the secondary transfer bias to thevoltage Vp′.

The control unit 90 checks if a timing at which non-image-forming area gis located on the transfer part is reached (S2010). If the timing atwhich non-image-forming area g is located on the transfer part isreached, the control unit 90 controls the voltage applying unit 72 toapply a voltage of the voltage value Vg to the secondary transfer outerroller 27 (S2011), and acquires (detects) the current value lg of acurrent that flows through the secondary transfer outer roller 27 viathe current detection unit 74 (S2012). The control unit 90 returns thesecondary transfer bias to Vp′ (i.e., to apply a voltage of the voltagevalue Vp′) to prepare for the next image-forming area again (S2013).

The control unit 90 checks if a timing at which non-image-forming area his located on the transfer part is reached (S2014). If the timing atwhich non-image-forming area h is located on the transfer part isreached, the control unit 90 controls the voltage applying unit 72 toapply a voltage of the voltage value Vg to the secondary transfer outerroller 27 (S2015), and acquires (detects) the current value lh of acurrent that flows through the secondary transfer outer roller 27 viathe current detection unit 74 (S2016). The control unit 90 computes theaverage current value lgh as an average of the current values lg and lh(S2017). The control unit 90 returns the secondary transfer bias to Vp′(i.e., to apply a voltage of the voltage value Vp′) to prepare for thenext image-forming area again (S2018).

After that, the control unit 90 computes the impedance characteristic L2of the secondary transfer outer roller 27, as described above (S2019),and determines (computes) the voltage Vp at which the current lp isobtained (S2020). The control unit 90 checks if a timing at whichnon-image-forming area h′ is located on the transfer part is reached(S2021). If the timing at which non-image-forming area h′ is located onthe transfer part is reached, the control unit 90 controls the voltageapplying unit 72 to apply a voltage of the voltage value Vp to thesecondary transfer outer roller 27 after an elapse of a predeterminedperiod of time (S2022). That is, the control unit 90 sets the voltage Vpas the value of a new secondary transfer bias.

If the control unit 90 can determine the voltage Vp after the averagecurrent value lgh is computed in S2017 and before the next image-formingarea is located on the transfer part, it may change the secondarytransfer bias to the voltage Vp without waiting for non-image-formingarea h′.

Since the impedance characteristic of the secondary transfer outerroller 27 never abruptly changes, the impedance of the secondarytransfer outer roller 27 can be computed from the current value acquiredduring a period in which each of a plurality of non-image-forming areasis located on the transfer part. Hence, in this embodiment, in place ofapplying a plurality of different voltages to the secondary transferouter roller 27 during a period in which one non-image-forming area islocated on the transfer part, different voltages are applied to thesecondary transfer outer roller 27 during periods in which the pluralityof non-image-forming-areas are respectively located on the transferpart. In other words, the impedance characteristic of the secondarytransfer outer roller 27 is computed by combining current valuesobtained when different voltages are applied to the secondary transferouter roller 27 during periods in which the plurality ofnon-image-forming areas are respectively located on the transfer part.In this way, the image forming apparatus 1 requires neither a constantcurrent control circuit nor a transfer bias applying circuit that canquickly change voltage values in the secondary transfer bias applyingmechanism 70, thus preventing an increase in cost. Since the impedancecharacteristic of the secondary transfer outer roller 27 is computedfrom a plurality of current values of currents that flow through thesecondary transfer outer roller 27, a voltage to be applied to thesecondary transfer outer roller 27 can be controlled with higherprecision than the case in which the impedance characteristic iscomputed from one current value. When a period in which onenon-image-forming area is located on the transfer part is equal to orlonger than a duration that allows changing a voltage to be applied tothe secondary transfer outer roller 27 a plurality of times, theimpedance characteristic of the secondary transfer outer roller 27 canbe computed during only the period in which one non-image-forming areais located on the transfer part.

The primary charging bias applying mechanism 80 for applying a chargingbias to the primary charging roller 22 will be described below. FIG. 8is a schematic block diagram showing the arrangement of the primarycharging bias applying mechanism 80. The primary charging bias applyingmechanism 80 includes a voltage applying unit 82 and current detectionunit 84, as shown in FIG. 8.

The voltage applying unit 82 is controlled by the control unit 90, andhas a function of applying a voltage (a voltage obtained by superposingan AC voltage on a DC voltage) to the primary charging roller 22 as amember associated with formation of an image. The voltage applying unit82 generates a voltage (primary charging voltage) to be applied to theprimary charging roller 22 based on a primary charging bias controlsignal CBC1 input from the control unit 90, and applies the generatedvoltage to the primary charging roller 22.

The current detection unit 84 detects a current that flows through theprimary charging roller 22 when the voltage applying unit 82 applies thevoltage. In this embodiment, the current detection unit 84 detects acurrent (primary charging current) that flows via the primary chargingroller 22, photosensitive drum 21, and the like, and outputs a primarycharging current detection signal CCD1 indicating the current value ofthat current to the control unit 90.

The control unit 90 controls the voltage applying unit 82 based on thedetection result (i.e., the value of the current flowing through theprimary charging roller 22) of the current detection unit 84 in theprimary charging bias applying mechanism 80. In other words, the controlunit 90 generates the primary charging bias control signal CBC1indicating a voltage value of the voltage to be applied by the voltageapplying unit 82 to the primary charging roller 22 based on the primarycharging current detection signal CCD1 input from the current detectionunit 84, and outputs the generated signal to the voltage applying unit82.

The control of the primary charging bias applying mechanism 80 in thecontinuous operations (upon forming a plurality of images) of the imageforming apparatus 1 will be described below with reference to FIGS. 9and 10.

FIG. 9 is a chart showing a primary charging voltage and primarycharging current during periods in each of which an image-forming areais located on a charging part, and those in each of which anon-image-forming area is located on the charging part in the continuousoperations of the image forming apparatus 1. In FIG. 9, the chargingpart is a part where the primary charging roller 22 and photosensitivedrum 21 contact each other. The image-forming area is an area where atoner image is planned to be formed from the leading end to the trailingend of an image for one page on the photosensitive drum 21. Thenon-image-forming area includes areas where no toner image is planned tobe formed before the leading end and after the trailing end of an imagefor one page on the photosensitive drum 21.

Referring to FIG. 9, during periods in each of which the image-formingarea is located on the charging part, the control unit 90 controls thevoltage applying unit 82 to apply a voltage with a voltage value Vq′,which is determined last (normal primary charging voltage), to theprimary charging roller 22.

During a period in which non-image-forming area i is located on thecharging part, the control unit 90 controls the voltage applying unit 82to apply a voltage value Vi of a non-discharging area. Note that thevoltage of the non-discharging area falls within a voltage range inwhich the primary charging roller 22 does not cause discharging evenwhen the voltage is applied to the primary charging roller 22. In thiscase, during the period in which non-image-forming area i is located onthe charging part, the control unit 90 acquires, via the currentdetection unit 84, a value li of a current that flows through theprimary charging roller 22 upon application of the voltage of thevoltage value Vi by the voltage applying unit 82.

During a period in which non-image-forming area j is located on thecharging part, the control unit 90 controls the voltage applying unit 82to apply a voltage value Vj of the non-discharging area. In this case,during the period in which non-image-forming area j is located on thecharging part, the control unit 90 acquires, via the current detectionunit 84, a current value lj of a current that flows through the primarycharging roller 22 upon application of the voltage of the voltage valueVj by the voltage applying unit 82.

During a period in which non-image-forming area k is located on thecharging part, the control unit 90 controls the voltage applying unit 82to apply a voltage value Vk of a discharging area. Note that the voltageof the discharging area falls within a voltage range in which theprimary charging roller 22 causes discharging when the voltage isapplied to the primary charging roller. In this case, during the periodin which non-image-forming area k is located on the charging part, thecontrol unit 90 acquires, via the current detection unit 84, a currentvalue lk of a current that flows through the primary charging roller 22upon application of the voltage of the voltage value Vk by the voltageapplying unit 82.

During a period in which non-image-forming area l is located on thecharging part, the control unit 90 controls the voltage applying unit 82to apply a voltage value Vl of the discharging area. In this case,during the period in which non-image-forming area l is located on thecharging part, the control unit 90 acquires, via the current detectionunit 84, a current value Hof a current that flows through the primarycharging roller 22 upon application of the voltage of the voltage valueVl by the voltage applying unit 82.

FIG. 10 is a graph showing the relationship between a voltage (voltagevalue) V to be applied to the primary charging roller 22 and a current(current value) l that flows through the primary charging roller 22. InFIG. 10, the abscissa plots the voltage V to be applied to the primarycharging roller 22, and the ordinate plots the current l that flowsthrough the primary charging roller 22.

Referring to FIG. 10, the control unit 90 computes an equation of a lineL3 from the current values li and lj of currents that flow through theprimary charging roller 22 when the voltage applying unit 82 applies thevoltages of the voltage values Vi and Vj of the non-discharging area tothe primary charging roller 22, in accordance with equation (3) below.In other words, the control unit 90 computes a first impedancecharacteristic (line L3) of the primary charging roller 22 based on thevoltage values Vi and Vj, and the current values li and lj.l−li={(lj−li)/(Vj−Vi)}·(V−Vi)  (3)

Likewise, the control unit 90 computes an equation of a line L4 from thecurrent values lk and ll currents that flow through the primary chargingroller 22 when the voltage applying unit 82 applies the voltages of thevoltage values Vk and Vl of the discharging area to the primary chargingroller 22, in accordance with equation (4) below. In other words, thecontrol unit 90 computes a second impedance characteristic (line L4) ofthe primary charging roller 22 based on the voltage values Vk and Vl,and the current values lk and ll.l−lk={(ll−lk)/(Vl−Vk)}·(V−Vk)  (4)

Note that a voltage range lower than the intersection between the linesL3 and L4 corresponds to the non-discharging area, and a voltage rangehigher than the intersection corresponds to the discharging area.

Next, the control unit 90 computes a voltage value Vq at which adifference between a current that flows through the primary chargingroller 22 based on the line L3 and a current that flows through theprimary charging roller 22 based on the line L4 assumes a predeterminedcurrent value lq. Also, the control unit 90 determines the voltage valueVq as a voltage value to be applied from the voltage control unit 82 tothe primary charging roller 22. Then, the control unit 90 controls thevoltage applying unit 82 to apply a voltage of the voltage value Vq tothe primary charging roller 22 at a timing at which an image-formingarea is located on the charging part. Note that during a preparationoperation (pre-rotation) required to start an image forming operation,the control unit 90 detects the currents li, lj, lk, and ll that flowthrough the primary charging roller 22 while changing a voltage to beapplied to the primary charging roller 22 to Vi, Vj, Vk, and Vl, therebydetermining the voltage Vq′.

FIG. 13 is a flowchart showing control for determining a primarycharging bias when the image forming apparatus 1 continuously forms aplurality of images. The control unit 90 executes the processing of thisflowchart.

The control unit 90 checks if a timing at which non-image-forming area iis located on the charging part is reached (S3001). If the timing atwhich non-image-forming area i is located on the charging part isreached, the control unit 90 controls the voltage applying unit 82 toapply a voltage of the voltage value Vi of the non-discharging area(S3002), and acquires (detects) the current value li of a current thatflows through the primary charging roller 22 via the current detectionunit 84 (S3003). The control unit 90 controls the voltage applying unit82 to apply the voltage value Vq′ to prepare for the next image-formingarea again (S3004). That is, the control unit 90 returns the primarycharging bias to the voltage Vq′.

The control unit 90 checks if a timing at which non-image-forming area jis located on the charging part is reached (S3005). If the timing atwhich non-image-forming area j is located on the charging part isreached, the control unit 90 controls the voltage applying unit 82 toapply a voltage of the voltage value Vj of the non-discharging area(S3006), and acquires (detects) the current value lj of a current thatflows through the primary charging roller 22 via the current detectionunit 84 (S3007). The control unit 90 returns the primary charging biasto the voltage Vq′ (i.e., to apply a voltage of the voltage value Vq′)to prepare for the next image-forming area again (S3008).

The control unit 90 checks if a timing at which non-image-forming area kis located on the charging part is reached (S3009). If the timing atwhich non-image-forming area k is located on the charging part isreached, the control unit 90 controls the voltage applying unit 82 toapply a voltage of the voltage value Vk of the discharging area (S3010),and acquires (detects) the current value lk of a current that flowsthrough the primary charging roller 22 via the current detection unit 84(S3011). The control unit 90 returns the primary charging bias to thevoltage Vq′ (i.e., to apply a voltage of the voltage value Vq′) toprepare for the next image-forming area again (S3012).

The control unit 90 checks if a timing at which non-image-forming area lis located on the charging part is reached (S3013). If the timing atwhich non-image-forming area l is located on the charging part isreached, the control unit 90 controls the voltage applying unit 82 toapply a voltage of the voltage value Vl of the discharging area (S3014),and acquires (detects) the current value ll of a current that flowsthrough the primary charging roller 22 via the current detection unit 84(S3015). The control unit 90 returns the primary charging bias to thevoltage Vq′ (i.e., to apply a voltage of the voltage value Vq′) toprepare for the next image-forming area again (S3016).

The control unit 90 computes the impedance characteristics L3 and L4 ofthe primary charging roller 22 (S3017, S3018), as described above, anddetermines (computes) the voltage Vq at which a current value computedbased on the difference between the lines L3 and L4 assumes lq (S3019).The control unit 90 checks if a timing at which non-image-forming areal′ is located on the charging part is reached (S3020). If the timing atwhich non-image-forming area l′ is located on the charging part isreached, the control unit 90 controls the voltage applying unit 82 toapply a voltage of the determined voltage value Vq to the primarycharging roller 22 (S3021).

In this way, the control unit 90 controls the voltage applying unit 82to apply a voltage of a first voltage value (Vi) of the non-dischargingarea to the primary charging roller 22 during a period in which a firstnon-image-forming area (non-image-forming area i) of a plurality ofnon-image-forming areas is located on the charging part. In this case,the control unit 90 acquires a first current value (li) of a currentthat flows through the primary charging roller 22 upon application ofthe voltage of the first voltage value. The control unit 90 controls thevoltage applying unit 82 to apply a voltage of a second voltage value(Vj) of the non-discharging area to the primary charging roller 22during a period in which a second non-image-forming area(non-image-forming area j) of the plurality of non-image-forming areasis located on the charging part. In this case, the control unit 90acquires a second current value (lj) of a current that flows through theprimary charging roller 22 upon application of the voltage of the secondvoltage value. The control unit 90 controls the voltage applying unit 82to apply a voltage of a third voltage value (Vk) of the discharging areato the primary charging roller 22 during a period in which a thirdnon-image-forming area (non-image-forming area k) of the plurality ofnon-image-forming areas is located on the charging part. In this case,the control unit 90 acquires a third current value (lk) of a currentthat flows through the primary charging roller 22 upon application ofthe voltage of the third voltage value. The control unit 90 controls thevoltage applying unit 82 to apply a voltage of a fourth voltage value(Vl) of the discharging area to the primary charging roller 22 during aperiod in which a fourth non-image-forming area (non-image-forming areal) of the plurality of non-image-forming areas is located on thecharging part. In this case, the control unit 90 acquires a fourthcurrent value (ll) of a current that flows through the primary chargingroller 22 upon application of the voltage of the fourth voltage value.The control unit 90 then computes the first impedance characteristic ofthe primary charging roller 22 based on the first and second currentvalues, and also the second impedance characteristic of the primarycharging roller 22 based on the third and fourth current values.Furthermore, the control unit 90 determines a voltage value (Vq) of avoltage to be applied to the primary charging roller 22, at which thedifference between a current that flows through the primary chargingroller 22 based on the first impedance characteristic and a current thatflows through the primary charging roller 22 based on the secondimpedance characteristic assumes a predetermined value (lq).

Since the impedance characteristics of the primary charging roller 22never abruptly change, the impedances of the primary charging roller 22can be computed based on current values acquired at timings at which aplurality of non-image-forming areas are respectively located on thecharging part. Hence, in this embodiment, different voltages of thenon-discharging and discharging areas are applied to the primarycharging roller 22 during periods in which the plurality ofnon-image-forming areas are respectively located on the charging part.In other words, the impedance characteristics of the primary chargingroller 22 are computed by combining the current values obtained when thedifferent voltages of the non-discharging and discharging areas areapplied to the primary charging roller 22 during periods in which theplurality of non-image-forming areas are respectively located on thecharging part. In this way, the image forming apparatus 1 requiresneither a constant current control circuit nor a charging bias applycircuit that can quickly change voltage values in the primary chargingbias applying mechanism 80, thus preventing an increase in cost. Sincethe impedance characteristics of the primary charging roller 22 arecomputed based on a plurality of current values of currents that flowthrough the primary charging roller 22, a voltage to be applied to theprimary charging roller 22 can be controlled with higher precision thanthe case in which the impedance characteristics are computed based onlyon one current value. When a period in which one non-image-forming areais located on the charging part is equal to or longer than a durationthat allows changing a voltage to be applied to the primary chargingroller 22 a plurality of times, the impedance characteristics of theprimary charging roller 22 can be computed during only the period inwhich one non-image-forming area is located on the charging part.

As described above, according to the image forming apparatus 1, biases(voltages) to be applied to the transfer rollers and charging roller canbe controlled with high precision without increasing cost. In thisembodiment, the image forming apparatus 1 independently includes theprimary transfer bias applying mechanism 60, secondary transfer biasapplying mechanism 70, and primary charging bias applying mechanism 80.However, the image forming apparatus 1 may includes one bias applyingmechanism that combines the functions of the primary transfer biasapplying mechanism 60, secondary transfer bias applying mechanism 70,and primary charging bias applying mechanism 80.

The present invention can also be applied to a monochrome image formingapparatus or color image forming apparatus, which does not have anyintermediate transfer belt. In this case, a toner image formed on aphotosensitive drum is directly transferred onto a print medium PM.

While the present invention has been described with reference toexemplary embodiments, it is to be understood that the invention is notlimited to the disclosed exemplary embodiments. The scope of thefollowing claims is to be accorded the broadest interpretation so as toencompass all such modifications and equivalent structures andfunctions.

This application claims the benefit of Japanese Patent Application No.2007-205847 filed on Aug. 7, 2007, which is hereby incorporated byreference herein in its entirety.

1. An image forming apparatus comprising: an image forming unitconfigured to form an image on an image carrier; a transfer unitconfigured to transfer the image formed on the image carrier onto atransfer medium; a voltage applying unit configured to apply a voltageto said transfer unit; a current detection unit configured to detect acurrent that flows through said transfer unit when said voltage applyingunit applies the voltage; and a control unit configured to control saidvoltage applying unit based on a detection result of said currentdetection unit, wherein when a plurality of images are to be formedcontinuously, said control unit controls said voltage applying unit toapply a voltage of a first value to said transfer unit during a firstperiod in which a first non-image-forming area where no image is formedis located on said transfer unit, and controls said voltage applyingunit to apply a voltage of a second value to said transfer unit during asecond period in which a second non-image-forming area is located onsaid transfer unit, and an image-forming area is existed between thefirst non-image-forming area and the second non-image-forming area,wherein said control unit determines a voltage value of a voltage to beapplied from said voltage applying unit to said transfer unit on theimage-forming area where an image is formed is located on said transferunit, based on the voltage of the first value, the voltage of the secondvalue, and the detection results of said current detection unit duringthe first period and the second period, and wherein said control unitdetermines an impedance characteristic of said transfer unit based on afirst current value detected by said current detection unit uponapplying the voltage of the first value to said transfer unit, and asecond current value detected by said current detection unit uponapplying the voltage of the second value to said transfer unit, anddetermines a voltage value, at which a current of a predetermined valueflows through said transfer unit, in accordance with the impedancecharacteristic.
 2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein saidtransfer unit is a transfer roller which is in contact with the imagecarrier.
 3. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the imagecarrier is a photosensitive member on which a toner image is formed, andthe transfer medium is an intermediate transfer member on which thetoner image formed on the photosensitive member is transferred.
 4. Theapparatus according to claim 1, wherein the image carrier is anintermediate transfer member on which a toner image is transferred froma photosensitive member on which the toner image is formed, and thetransfer medium is a print sheet on which the toner image formed on theintermediate transfer member is transferred.
 5. The apparatus accordingto claim 1, wherein the image carrier is a photosensitive member onwhich a toner image is formed, and the transfer medium is a print sheeton which the toner image formed on the photosensitive member istransferred.
 6. A method of controlling an image forming apparatus,which comprises an image forming unit which forms an image on an imagecarrier, a transfer unit which transfers the image formed on the imagecarrier onto a transfer medium, a voltage applying unit which applies avoltage to the transfer unit, and a current detection unit which detectsa current that flows through the transfer unit when the voltage applyingunit applies the voltage, said method comprising: a first voltageapplying step of controlling the voltage applying unit to apply avoltage of a first value to the transfer unit during a first period inwhich a first non-image-forming area where no image is formed is locatedon the transfer unit; a second voltage applying step of controlling thevoltage applying unit to apply a voltage of a second value to thetransfer unit during a second period in which a second non-image-formingarea is located on the transfer unit; and a determination step ofdetermining a voltage value of a voltage to be applied from the voltageapplying unit to the transfer unit on an image-forming area where animage is formed is located on the transfer unit, based on the voltage ofthe first value, the voltage of the second value, and the detectionresults of the current detection unit during the first period and thesecond period, wherein the image-forming area is existed between thefirst non-image-forming area and the second non-image-forming area, andin the determination step, determining an impedance characteristic ofsaid transfer unit based on a first current value detected by saidcurrent detection unit upon applying the voltage of the first value tosaid transfer unit, and a second current value detected by said currentdetection unit upon applying the voltage of the second value to saidtransfer unit, and determines a voltage value, at which a current of apredetermined value flows through said transfer unit, in accordance withthe impedance characteristic.